Likewise, l0y is the pump electric field component of OAM in the y direction. c High-speed polarisation-resolved CARS image sequence on a MLV moving over the sample surface taken at different times of the observation sequence shown as a composite image of S2 and 2 as coloured sticks and with the acousto-optic modulation (AOM) as a grey background. Furthermore, the intensity and polarisation are dependent on the direction from which the light is measured [1]. \ As shown in Figure 3(c), inspired by the strategies of double laser beam irradiation and LIPAA, Li et al. These deviations from the free atom case are all the more significant as the ion charge state of the recombining ion is low and as the excitation energy of the recombined ion is high. [298] previously demonstrated selective excitation of a single Raman mode and its CARS imaging of CNT using ultra-fast SPP pulse nanofocusing using an Au tapered tip. Beyond shedding light on the fundamental processes underlying two-photon Rabi oscillations, our method could also be used to investigate (quantum) correlations between the two drive elds as well as the dynamical establishment of electromagnetically induced transparency. However, standard fibers can be used if the photosensitivity is enhanced by pre-soaking the fiber in hydrogen. Kasevich and Chu [41] demonstrated a matter-wave interferometer with laser-cooled sodium atoms using the mechanical effects of stimulated Raman transitions. {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \Lambda } J Phys Chem C 118:11741181 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp410963z, Bailo E, Deckert V (2008) Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of single RNA strands: towards a novel direct-sequencing method. McGraw-Hill, New York, Wolverson D (2008) Raman spectroscopy. Hence, anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy is typically used with stimulated or coherent spectroscopy. In coherent nonlinear optics, polarised second harmonic generation [69,70,71], polarised third harmonic generation [72] and polarised four-wave mixing [73, 74] have already been used to recover orientational information on endogeneous proteins and lipids in biological tissues. Basic programming Control Structures conditional statements Linear data structures Advanced data structures Sorting and searching algorithms, This module requires a candidate to apply the principles and laws, involved in various topics such as Newtons laws, Electromagnetic theories etc, to real world situations. Hyperspectral images are obtained by raster scanning the sample. WebThis website uses cookies to deliver some of our products and services as well as for analytics and to provide you a more personalized experience. Phys. As such they offer a significant advantage over traditional electronic gauges used for these applications in that they are less sensitive to vibration or heat and consequently are far more reliable. c Typical SERS setup. Mol. The chemical synthesis for nanoparticle colloids also requires precise optimisation. Opt Express 16:1939619409 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.019396, Saar BG, Park H-S, Xie XS, Lavrentovich OD (2007) Three-dimensional imaging of chemical bond orientation in liquid crystals by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Conventional CARS provides information about the chemical nature but not about the molecular organisation or symmetry in the system. [260] have recently demonstrated label-free high-throughput single-particle SRS-FC with a 32-channel multiplexing technique. Phys. p 2021, Article ID 9783514, 22 pages, 2021. https://doi.org/10.34133/2021/9783514, 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore. In the following sections, detail characterization, advantage, limitation, and applications of various strategies for femtosecond laser precision engineering will be discussed. J Phys Chem B 107:668667 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp026731y, Haes AJ, Haynes CL, McFarland AD et al (2005) Plasmonic materials for surface-enhanced sensing and spectroscopy. CARS is a third-order nonlinear four-wave optical mixing process. Up to now, many strategies have been proposed for femtosecond laser fabrication in diverse scales, as shown in Figures 2(a)2(d), including two-/multiphoton absorption, incubation effect, and near-field effect can be employed. Phys. Nat Phys 9:549553 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys2712, Allen L, Beijersbergen MW, Spreeuw RJC, Woerdman JP (1992) Orbital angular momentum of light and the transformation of Laguerre-Gaussian laser modes. The transition from the virtual excited state to the final state can occur at any point in time and to any possible final state based on probability. Phys. .[25]. Schematic diagram of the challenges for femtosecond laser precision engineering: (a) smaller HAZ via photothermal and photochemical effects, (b) parallel laser processing for large area/high-speed processing, and (c) hybrid femtosecond laser processing to realize resolution smaller than the optical diffraction limit. Spiral phase plates or computer-generated holograms are usually used to generate visible light with OAM [273,274,275,276]. In addition Rydberg atoms are comparatively long-lived, and the large number of available energy levels and their separations allow coupling to electromagnetic fields spanning over 6 orders of magnitude in frequency. 116 1328). 51 032003. Examples of the analysis techniques employed to interpret the Raman spectroscopic data were presented and discussed. F, filter; M, mirror; RL, Raman light; CCD, charge-coupled device; PH, pinhole; BE, beam expander; D-BS, dichroic beam splitter; OBJ, Large numerical aperture (NA) lens; EMCCD, electron-multiplying charge-coupled device. In combining with special strategies, such as microlens array (MLA) and laser interference lithography (LIL), the feature size of the femtosecond laser precision engineering can be pushed down to submicron scale. Conversely, a multiplexer can be achieved by cascading multiple add sections of the OADM. By using special strategies, more structures with tunable periods can be created on the irradiated surface synchronously. Chen et al. J Mater Res. As shown in Figure 12, for the femtosecond laser precision engineering, three main challenges, including smaller HAZ, larger area/higher-speed processing, and feature size smaller than optical diffraction limit are demonstrated. Moreover, a carrier-envelope phase controlled driving laser field can be utilized as an isolated attosecond pulse gating mechanism for HHG from the periodic asymmetric potentials. By lifting the microsphere up with a special holder, the working distance of this strategy can be increased to several micrometers. Raman spectra are usually collected over long integration times and for many acquisitions. Deductive ReasoningCoding deductive logicData SufficiencyDirectional SenseLogical Word SequenceObjective ReasoningSelection decision tablesPuzzlesInductive reasoningAnalogy Pattern RecognitionClassification Pattern RecognitionCoding Pattern RecognitionNumber Series Pattern Recognition. Hence, a side illumination and side collection configuration is more common with STM-based TERS. However, there are still several challenges needed to be overcome. Phys Rev Lett 90:095503 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.095503, Yano T, Verma P, Kawata S, Inouye Y (2006) Diameter-selective near-field Raman analysis and imaging of isolated carbon nanotube bundles. The subpopulations of species, such as mixed polymer beads and 3T3-L1 cells, could be separated and distinguished through compositional principle component analysis (CPCA) of the SRS signals. When the energy of the scattered photon is lower than that of the incident photon (i.e. In addition, confocal Raman setups require laser beam isolation as samples may generate optical feedback that is well aligned to the incident pump light. You will receive warnings if prohibited behaviour is detected. Opt. The spectra indicate that lipids are most concentrated in the white matter and least in the tumour regions. Communication Analog Communication Digital Communication Optics Microwave Engineering Microwave engineering Transmission lines and waveguides Antennas and wave propagation Radar Electromagnetism Electrostatics Magnetostatics Electromagnetic theory. FC is a technique used to measure physical/chemical characteristics of a population of cells or particles suspended in a fluid [59, 261]. As shown in Figure 2(b), Liu et al. 4b) described a priori [198]. Figure 6b i shows an optical FC setup [260]. The nanoscale volume of opposing charge that remains acts as a restoring force on the electrons. Some of the more advanced STM systems allow high-vacuum and low-temperature measurements [196]. centrosymmetric crystal structure [113]), the initial and final states must have the same parity and are mutually exclusive with absorptive transitions (optically active transitions). Followed by a chemical etching, the patterned nanostructures can be transferred from the photoresist down to the solid substrates, which is similar to the photolithography process. These tensor elements can be extracted with polarisation-resolved coherent Raman scattering schemes [72, 74, 169, 259, 292,293,294,295]. Opt. Particular superpositions of Hermite-Gaussian modes TEM modes are mathematically equivalent to Laguerre-Gaussian modes [277]. The probability density of colliding atomic pair at the short-range interatomic separation is significantly enhanced near Feshbach resonances. As can be seen, there is no existence of the molten area around the irradiated area. Figure 5(b) shows that the size of an individual microclaw is ~30m, while each micron finger is 3m wide. Detailed Syllabus: The large tumour mass and a projection of neoplastic cells within healthy tissue are clearly shown (Fig. Thus, it is easy to achieve a property modification of the treated surface compared to other areas without laser irradiation. Nano Lett 6:26302636 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl061666f, Bailo E, Deckert V (2008) Tip-enhanced Raman scattering. As well as reducing associated costs and time, this also enables the mass production of fiber Bragg gratings. There are numerous forms of light-matter interaction: fluorescence and phosphorescence are examples of absorption and subsequent emission of light by matter. Mol. Befitting Job Functions/Profiles:Electrical Engineer, Power Engineer, Technical Content Developer, Sales and Operations Manager/Executive for Electrical Industry Processes, Research and Development, etc. The authors surmised that the other modes were not observed either because of the selection rules for the scattering geometry (E1g) [217] or because of the limited rejection of the Rayleigh scattering radiation (\( {E}_{2g}^2 \)) [13]. AMPI measures five broad based traits:ExtraversionConscientiousnessNeuroticismOpenness to ExperienceAgreeableness. Mol. This module will be relevant for Petroleum engineers, petroleum plant operators, research engineer, petrochemical plant manager, petroleum engineer trainee, safety officer, research associate- petroleum, drilling engineer, chemical engineer, project coordinator- petroleum, etc. In a relaxation time of ~s, the atoms can receive kinetic energy from hot electrons. The polarisability tensor is a function of the nuclear coordinates which, by extension, means that it will also depend on the (ro-)vibrational frequency. Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Basic electrical engineering Electrical machines Power machines Instrumentation and control Instruments and measurements Control system Electronics Analog and digital electronics Power electronics. Chem Soc Rev 27:241 https://doi.org/10.1039/a827241z, Zaleski S, Wilson AJ, Mattei M et al (2016) Investigating nanoscale electrochemistry with surface- and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Sun, Laser fabrication of modular superhydrophobic chips for reconfigurable assembly and self-propelled droplet manipulation,, L. Yuan, S. Ding, and C. Wen, Additive manufacturing technology for porous metal implant applications and triple minimal surface structures: a review,, A. This counter-propagating feedback can induce power and noise instability and can even damage the laser source. Phys Plasmas 15:13109 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2825663, Alfano RR (2006) The supercontinuum laser source. Phys. A series of biomimetic functions can be realized by these periodic hierarchical structures, such as structural coloring and the lotus leaf effect. For plane-wave pump and Stokes beams, the intensity of the anti-Stokes signal is as follows [53, 123]: where \( \overset{\rightharpoonup }{z} \) is the sample thickness (vector normal to the lattice cell surface), \( \overset{\rightharpoonup }{k} \) is the wavevector of light, \( \Delta \overset{\rightharpoonup }{k}={\overset{\rightharpoonup }{k}}_{\mathrm{p}}-{\overset{\rightharpoonup }{k}}_{\mathrm{S}}+{\overset{\rightharpoonup }{k}}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{r}}-{\overset{\rightharpoonup }{k}}_{\mathrm{AS}} \) is the wavevector mismatch (the velocity difference between the four waves) and Ii is the intensity of the wave denoted by the subscript. In many circumstances, the time scale for the electrons with high excitation energy to transform into heat is about one picosecond [36]. In contrast, Rydberg atoms offer strong and controllable atomic interactions that can be tuned by selecting states with different principal quantum number or orbital angular momentum. Hence a fiber Bragg grating can be used as an inline optical fiber to block certain wavelengths, can be used for sensing applications,[1] or it can be used as wavelength-specific reflector. Figure 6b iii shows the CPCA scatter plot of the cell mixture measured by Zhang et al. J Phys Chem C 111:17331738 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp064740r, Collins JT, Rusimova KR, Hooper DC et al (2019) First observation of optical activity in hyper-Rayleigh scattering. This grating exhibited a negative change in the mean index of the fiber and was termed type IIA. The module assesses the job suitability of the candidate in those companies which deal with Embedded Systems, VLSI design, SOC, Electronic, Design and Automation Companies etc. Phys. Phys. Efforts were made to provide a realistic theoretical uncertainty for the final Q value based on statistical principles and correlation with the magnetic dipole hyperfine interaction constant A. n WebElectromagnetism is a branch of physics involving the study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles. Raman scattering of light by molecules was first predicted using classical quantum theory by Smekal in 1923 [2] and experimentally observed by Raman and Krishnan in 1928 [3, 4]. In the original work by Raman and Krishnan [220], the same spectrum was measured using mercury arc radiation (\( {\overset{\sim }{\nu}}_1 \) = 22,938cm1, 435.83nm). As shown in Figure 6(b), using the Talbot effect, Lim et al. Figure 7b ii and iii show the zeroth and second-order \( {m}_{\overline{F}} \)-value image of the same MLV as in Fig. Cancer Res 62:53755380, CAS B: At. During the photothermal process, electrons in the irradiated substrates firstly absorb incident laser energy and soon transfer the absorbed energy to the atoms via intense collisions, which lead to the rise of substrate temperature. Opt. ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Investment Products Stocks Bonds Mutual Funds Banking Products Credit Cards Loans Fixed Deposits/Savings Account Balance Sheet Alternative Investments Options Derivatives. A sequential writing method with continuous UV radiation that overcomes these problems has been demonstrated and is now used commercially. The Stokes Raman signal for molecules is more intense than the anti-Stokes signal as the population of energy states is governed by thermal statistics [1, 108]. Opt Lett 10:37 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.10.000037, Bloembergen N (1967) The stimulated Raman effect. Figure 5 shows 4 channels, depicted as 4 colours, impinging onto a FBG via an optical circulator. The spectral resolution was estimated to be 2.5cm1, which is high enough to resolve Raman spectral features of biological samples. The dark-field spectrometer analyses the light scattered from the nanostructures (illuminated by the white-light source) to select nanostructures with the desired plasmonic properties. Gold also benefits from chemical stability as it is a noble metal. Inspired by natural plants, Zhang et al. Moreover, by comparing two different temperatures, we find that the low temperature environment is more conducive to the production of fast light and slow light. The graphite film exhibits strong adhesion resulting from the recast layer of silica and graphite, while the adhesion force and electrical conductivity of the laser-induced metalized pattern can be improved by embedding nickel into the graphite film. Two-photon polymerization (TPP) is more attractive than other 3D printing strategies due to its unique approach capable of achieving around 100nm resolution to fabricate smaller structures. Ideally the illumination source for Raman measurements should be purely monochromatic, in other words, a single wavelength. Meanwhile, the irradiated surface is smoother compared to that irradiated by a nanosecond laser. Langmuir 18:29592961 https://doi.org/10.1021/la011554y, Sanders A, Zhang L, Bowman RW et al (2015) Facile fabrication of spherical nanoparticle-tipped AFM probes for plasmonic applications. c Adapted from [46] and licenced under CC BY 4.0. This property has been used in the development of phased-array antenna systems and polarization mode dispersion compensation, as well. Hence, light-matter interactions with adsorbed molecules on the surface are also enhanced. Typical strategies using the femtosecond laser precision engineering for micro-/nanomachining are also sketched out. The 2D- and G-bands were intense near the central part of the MWCNT. The strategies using near-field optics, including NSOM, AFM, and microsphere, can create feature size in the order of ~10nm. Opt. After insulin-induced differentiation, 3T3-L1 cells acquire an adipocyte-like phenotype with a significantly increased amount of triglycerides which aggregate to form large lipid droplets. the energy of the scattered photon is equal to that of the incident photon). c i Illustration of the generation and amplification of a new orbital angular momentum (OAM) laser in a configuration with no initial OAM using a Hermite-Gaussian (TEM) laser. The micro-/nanostructures perform various morphologies and distributions as laser fluence and microsphere size change, respectively [138]. Wavelength drift is also problematic from measurement to measurement as it causes peaks to shift, in turn making comparisons between measurements difficult. 4d) by focused ion beam lithography [115]. This module evaluates the candidates on their knowledge and understanding of the subject of Telecommunication and its applications. Here, we summarize the recent advances of this powerful technology used in micron, submicron, and nanoscale creation. A relatively numerous designed microstructures can be obtained in a time much shorter compared to other lithography methods [96]. Opt Lett 40:5204 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.40.005204, Brckner L, Buckup T, Motzkus M (2016) Exploring the potential of tailored spectral focusing. Phys Rev B 84:035433 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.84.035433, Malard LM, Pimenta MA, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS (2009) Raman spectroscopy in graphene. (a) SEM images of nanolines, 3D Eiffel Tower, nanopillars, and woodpile structures fabricated by 800nm femtosecond laser irradiation. Firstly, the incident laser light must be spectrally pure, which is accomplished with a narrow-linewidth laser source as discussed previously. Nevertheless, spontaneous emission from the intermediate state is prevented by quantum interference. B: At. Fabricating a single metallic nanoparticle attached to the tips apex (Fig. Some of the limitations of the sensitivity are addressed in the review. In this case, the resonance effect of multilayer metastructures performs significant enhancement with respect to the single-layer metastructures. e and the grating strength, Typically, the reflection spectra of a type I grating is equal to 1-T where T is the transmission spectra. The range of plasmon resonance can be tuned by the thickness and choice of coating metal, e.g. Cite this article. Thus, it requires high-precision nanostage and smooth substrate surface to create millions of nanostructures with high uniformity synchronously. J Raman Spectrosc 45:533540 https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.4504, Stiles PL, Dieringer JA, Shah NC, Van Duyne RP (2008) Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \epsilon } Raman Techniques: Fundamentals and Frontiers. CARS images are obtained by raster scanning the sample. Colloidal SERS schemes suffer from complications introduced by stabilising agents at the surface of the nanoparticles, which help to keep nanoparticles in suspension. J Phys Chem B 105:12771280 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp003774a, Cheng J-X, Book LD, Xie XS (2001) Polarization coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Download. Appl Spectrosc 61:804811 https://doi.org/10.1366/000370207781540042, Caspers PJ, Lucassen GW, Carter EA et al (2001) In vivo confocal Raman microspectroscopy of the skin: Noninvasive determination of molecular concentration profiles. Paint Technologists in paint manufacturing companies and home furnishing companies, Research and Development, Quality Assurance, Production, Marketing, Technical Assistants/Executives. Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1966, 113(7): 11511158. Phys Rev Lett 109:224801 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.224801, Hemsing E, Knyazik A, Dunning M et al (2013) Coherent optical vortices from relativistic electron beams. The module assesses a students skills, knowledge and understanding of the core principles/concepts in the branch of mechanical engineering. d ii SEM image of antenna fabricated by FIB milling of annular ring and subsequent Ag thermal evaporation from under the tip. The nonresonant background is suppressed due to the orientation response of the molecules to the electric field. T The method that is preferable depends on the type of grating to be manufactured. J Opt Soc Am B 29:15411550 https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.29.001541, Bioud F-Z, Gasecka P, Ferrand P et al (2014) Structure of molecular packing probed by polarization-resolved nonlinear four-wave mixing and coherent anti-Stokes Raman-scattering microscopy. With the fine controlling of the laser fluence and scanning speed, ~20nm surface structuring can be realized. Raman scattering is measured in terms of the wavelength shift from the source wavelength. If you want to know more about AMCAT, want to buy AMCAT or have any In addition, transition probabilities between the bound levels of all the charge states of N and O are calculated, and the influence of plasma density on these probabilities is analyzed. Nano Lett 9:346352 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl8031444, Lefrancois S, Fu D, Holtom GR et al (2012) Fiber four-wave mixing source for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Sun, T. Tanaka, and K. Takada, Finer features for functional microdevices,, Z. C. Ma, Y. L. Zhang, B. Han, Q. D. Chen, and H. B. Besides, some unnecessary ripples exist in the edge area. Our results provide more freedom for the realization and conversion of fast and slow light and is expected to find applications in optical communication and optical storage. Using numerical simulations, we nd that there is a driving induced ergodic to non-ergodic phase transition for high frequency driving and a wide range of driving amplitude. Gold shows strong enhancement factors in the red spectral region [111, 177, 211, 212], silver in the blue-green spectral region [132, 213] and aluminium in the UV and deep UV spectral regions [150, 151, 175]. Provided below is the list of all the modules that you can take in AMCAT, the broad topics that a module would cover, relevant job profiles, number of questions, duration and some sample questions for each module. Under the femtosecond laser irradiation with Gaussian distribution, the TPA-induced threshold effect allows the laser-generated modification to exist at the center of the focal point. fabricated channel waveguides in a Pr : LiYF4 crystal using 800nm femtosecond laser [89]. As anti-Stokes photons are blue shifted from the pump and Stokes frequencies, they are more easily detected in the presence of single-photon fluorescence [53]. The white-light source and dark-field mask provides the means for dark-field spectroscopy. As shown in Figure 3(c), Chen et al. J Chem Phys 98:1009310095 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.464398, Liao PF, Wokaun A (1982) Lightning rod effect in surface enhanced Raman scattering. Hence, a piezo actuated nano-positioner is used for positioning of the specimen. Nano Lett 13:10071015 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl304169w, Chenet DA, Aslan OB, Huang PY et al (2015) In-plane anisotropy in mono- and few-layer ReS2 probed by Raman spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy. 3 is in agreement with first-order (i.e. 3a (discussed in an earlier section). Chem Phys Lett 318:131136 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(99)01451-7, Anderson MS (2000) Locally enhanced Raman spectroscopy with an atomic force microscope. Strategies based on MPA, STED, LIPSS, and incubation effect can fabricate structures with sub-50nm feature size on different materials including polymers (Resin, Photoresist, and SU-8), dielectric materials (SiO2 and TiO2), and semiconductor materials (Si and ZnO). J Am Chem Soc 136:38813887 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja411899k, Zhang D, Wang X, Braun K et al (2009) Parabolic mirror-assisted tip-enhanced spectroscopic imaging for non-transparent materials. a Energy level diagram of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). The result of this is that the side-lobe strength cannot be controlled, and this simple optimisation results in significant side-lobes. With laser irradiation, Au and Ag particles can be deposited on the fluorinated ethylene propylene film. A Fundamentals. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b05321, Thacker VV, Herrmann LO, Sigle DO et al (2014) DNA origami based assembly of gold nanoparticle dimers for surface-enhanced Raman scattering. B Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, McFarland AD, Young MA, Dieringer JA, Van Duyne RP (2005) Wavelength-scanned surface-enhanced Raman excitation spectroscopy. [15][citation needed] This supported the development of the first distributed feedback (DFB) fiber lasers, and also laid the groundwork for most complex gratings that followed, including the sampled gratings first made by Peter Hill and colleagues in Australia. c i Single Ag nanoparticle attached to the apex of a SiO2 AFM tip. Accessed 30 Mar 2019, Meng Z, Petrov GI, Yakovlev VV (2016) Pure electrical, highly-efficient and sidelobe free coherent Raman spectroscopy using acousto-optics tunable filter (AOTF). Furthermore, as the excited state has a finite lifetime, there is an associated uncertainty in the transition energy which leads to natural line broadening of the wavelength as per the Heisenberg uncertainty principle (Et/2)[1]. d adapted from [86]. J Phys Chem B 109:1127911285 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp050508u, Metiu H, Das P (1984) The electromagnetic theory of surface enhanced spectroscopy. WebTo browse Full-Text PDF. Nat Phys 3:305310 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys607, Tamburini F, Thid B, Molina-Terriza G, Anzolin G (2011) Twisting of light around rotating black holes. This shift is defined as follows: where \( {\overset{\sim }{\nu}}_{\mathrm{p}} \) is the wavenumber of the pump beam with angular frequency p and \( {\overset{\sim }{\nu}}_{\mathrm{scat}} \) is the wavenumber of the scattered light accordingly. Multi-lamellar lipid vesicles (MLVs) are made of a tight packing of lipid layers forming a ring of highly ordered matter with twofold symmetry and a lipid orientation distribution close to a Gaussian angular shape [74]. Accounting Managers, Corporate Controllers, Chief Financial Officers, Treasurers and Finance Officers, Cash Managers, Management Consultants. In STM systems, the tips are made of solid metal and the substrates need to be conductive in order to control the tunnelling current [193]. N Boroumand et al 2022 J. Phys. Flight mechanics: Airplane performance Atmosphere Dynamic stability Static stability Space Dynamics: Space dynamics Aerodynamics: Airfoils and wings Basic fluid mechanics Viscous flows Compressible flows Wind tunnel testing Aircraft Structures: Stress and strain Flight vehicle structures Structural dynamics Propulsion: Aerothermodynamics of non-rotating propulsion components Turbomachinery. Therefore, multiscale surface engineering is a key issue in developing novel material structures and the analysis of behavior that exist at surfaces and interfaces. Phys Rev Lett 103:083602 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.083602, Andersen MF, Ryu C, Clad P et al (2006) Quantized rotation of atoms from photons with orbital angular momentum. I. Theory,, M. Huang, F. Zhao, Y. Cheng, N. Xu, and Z. Xu, Origin of laser-induced near-subwavelength ripples: interference between surface plasmons and incident laser,, J. Bonse, A. Rosenfeld, and J. Krger, On the role of surface plasmon polaritons in the formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures upon irradiation of silicon by femtosecond-laser pulses,, Y. C. Guan, W. Zhou, Z. L. Li, H. Y. Zheng, G. C. Lim, and M. H. Hong, Femtosecond laser-induced ripple structures on magnesium,, C. Hnatovsky, V. G. Shvedov, and W. Krolikowski, The role of light-induced nanostructures in femtosecond laser micromachining with vector and scalar pulses,, N. Livakas, E. Skoulas, and E. Stratakis, Omnidirectional iridescence via cylindrically- polarized femtosecond laser processing,, S. A. Jalil, J. Yang, M. ElKabbash, C. Cong, and C. Guo, Formation of controllable 1D and 2D periodic surface structures on cobalt by femtosecond double pulse laser irradiation,, F. Fraggelakis, G. Mincuzzi, J. Lopez, I. Manek-Hnninger, and R. Kling, Controlling 2D laser nano structuring over large area with double femtosecond pulses,, W. Liu, L. Jiang, W. Han et al., Manipulation of LIPSS orientation on silicon surfaces using orthogonally polarized femtosecond laser double-pulse trains,, H. J. Gerritsen and M. E. Heller, Thermally engraved gratings using a giant-pulse laser,, P. Simon and J. Ihlemann, Machining of submicron structures on metals and semiconductors by ultrashort UV-laser pulses,, B. Li, L. Jiang, X. Li et al., Flexible gray-scale surface patterning through spatiotemporal-interference-based femtosecond laser shaping,, J. P. Spallas, R. D. Boyd, J.
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